Allopurinol contains the active ingredient allopurinol. It is also known by other names such as Zyloprim and Aloprim. This medication is used to lower high levels of uric acid in the blood, which can help prevent gout attacks and certain types of kidney stones.
The general pricing of Allopurinol is in the range of £0.54 – £0.9 for each pills. The amount and type of active ingredients (30 or 360 mg) determine its exact cost.
Allopurinol is primarily prescribed to manage gout, a type of arthritis caused by an excess of uric acid in the blood. It is also utilized in the treatment of calcium oxalate kidney stones and for patients undergoing cancer treatment, which can cause increased uric acid levels. Additionally, Allopurinol can be used to treat specific enzyme disorders such as Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.
Allopurinol functions as a xanthine oxidase inhibitor. Xanthine oxidase is an enzyme responsible for converting hypoxanthine to xanthine and then to uric acid. By inhibiting this enzyme, Allopurinol reduces the production of uric acid, aiding in the prevention of gout flares and the formation of kidney stones.
The initial dose of Allopurinol for gout is typically 100 mg per day, which may be increased by 100 mg at weekly intervals until the desired uric acid levels are achieved. The maintenance dose ranges between 200-300 mg daily for mild conditions, and 400-600 mg daily for more severe cases. Allopurinol tablets should be taken after meals to minimize gastric irritation. Adequate hydration is also crucial to help eliminate uric acid.
Allopurinol is contraindicated in patients who have exhibited hypersensitivity to the drug or any of its components. It should not be used in those with a history of severe kidney or liver disease unless carefully monitored by a healthcare professional. Patients with acute gout attacks should not start Allopurinol treatment until the acute phase has subsided.
Allopurinol can interact with a variety of medications. It can increase the effects of oral anticoagulants such as warfarin, requiring dose adjustments. Concurrent use with azathioprine or mercaptopurine may significantly increase the risks of toxicity from these drugs, demanding close monitoring. Diuretics, particularly thiazides, may also elevate the risks of Allopurinol toxicity.
Common side effects include gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Some patients may experience hypersensitivity reactions, including skin rashes and itching. In rare cases, more severe reactions such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, or hepatitis can occur. Any indication of hypersensitivity should prompt immediate discontinuation and medical consultation.
Regular monitoring of serum uric acid levels is essential during Allopurinol therapy to adjust the dose appropriately. Liver function tests should be conducted periodically due to potential hepatotoxicity. Renal function should also be monitored, especially in patients with pre-existing renal conditions, to prevent accumulation of the drug and related adverse effects.
Allopurinol should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. Animal studies have shown adverse effects, but there are no well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Pregnant women should discuss the potential risks and benefits with their healthcare provider.
Allopurinol and its metabolite, oxypurinol, are excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised when administered to nursing women. The potential effects on the nursing infant and the benefits of the drug to the mother should be weighed when considering breastfeeding during Allopurinol therapy.
If a dose of Allopurinol is missed, it should be taken as soon as remembered, unless it is almost time for the next dose. In such cases, skip the missed dose and resume the regular dosing schedule. Do not double the dose to catch up. Consistency in taking the medication is crucial for maintaining stable uric acid levels.
Allopurinol can cause drowsiness or dizziness in some individuals. Patients starting the medication or adjusting their dose should be advised to avoid driving or operating heavy machinery until they are confident that the drug does not impair their mental or physical abilities.
Long-term use of Allopurinol may lead to a decrease in the formation of new uric acid crystals, reducing the frequency of gout attacks and related complications. However, ongoing monitoring of liver and renal function, as well as periodic assessments of uric acid levels, are necessary to manage potential adverse effects and optimize therapy.
Allopurinol tablets should be stored at room temperature, away from light and moisture. Ensure that medication is kept out of reach of children and pets. Do not store in the bathroom, and keep the container tightly closed when not in use to maintain the stability of the drug.
Allopurinol should not be discontinued suddenly without consulting a healthcare provider. Abrupt cessation may lead to an increase in uric acid levels and a potential flare-up of gout symptoms. The dosage should be tapered gradually under medical supervision to prevent adverse effects.