Methotrexate is a medication with the active ingredient methotrexate. It is also known by the brand names Trexall and Rheumatrex. This drug is used to treat certain types of cancer, like leukemia, and autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis.
The general market rate for Methotrexate varies from £1.03 to £5.06 per pills. Determining factors include the size of the packaging and the potency of its components (10 or 360 mg).
Methotrexate is a folate analog metabolic inhibitor that affects cellular DNA synthesis, repair, and replication. It is most commonly employed in the treatment of several types of cancer and autoimmune diseases.
Methotrexate is used in the treatment of various cancers, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia, breast cancer, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Additionally, it is prescribed for autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis.
Methotrexate is available in various dosage forms such as tablets (oral), injectable solutions, and intramuscular injections. The specific form prescribed depends on the condition being treated and patient-specific factors.
Methotrexate works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is necessary for DNA synthesis and cell replication. This inhibition leads to decreased proliferation of rapidly dividing cells such as cancer cells and T lymphocytes in autoimmune diseases.
Dosages need to be individualized based on the patient’s medical condition, response to treatment, and laboratory results. For autoimmune conditions, weekly administration is common, while cancer treatments may involve more frequent dosing schedules.
Methotrexate is absorbed variably when taken orally, with bioavailability ranging from 15% to 70%. It is widely distributed in body tissues, especially the liver and kidneys. It is primarily eliminated unchanged via renal excretion.
Regular monitoring is crucial for patients on methotrexate. This includes complete blood counts, liver function tests, and renal function tests. Additionally, chest X-rays and lung function tests may be necessary for patients to monitor pulmonary toxicity.
Methotrexate may interact with several medications, including NSAIDs, antibiotics like penicillin, and proton pump inhibitors. These interactions can increase the risk of toxicity or decrease the efficacy of methotrexate.
Common side effects include gastrointestinal distress, fatigue, and mouth sores. Severe adverse effects such as hepatotoxicity, pulmonary toxicity, and hematologic abnormalities occur less frequently but are significant concerns.
Methotrexate is used in pediatric patients primarily for certain cancers and juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Dosages must be carefully calculated based on body surface area, and children require close monitoring for side effects and growth development.
Methotrexate is contraindicated in pregnancy due to its teratogenic effects. Women of childbearing potential should use effective contraception during treatment and for six months after cessation. It is also contraindicated during breastfeeding.
Patients should be instructed on the importance of adhering to their dosing schedule and attending all follow-up appointments. They should also be aware of the signs of potential side effects and advised to report any unusual symptoms to their healthcare provider.
Methotrexate should be stored at room temperature away from moisture and heat. Injectable formulations may require refrigeration. Patients should be advised to keep the medication out of reach of children and to dispose of it properly if it is expired or no longer needed.
Patients with renal impairment may require dose adjustments. Those with known liver disease must be monitored even more closely due to the potential for hepatotoxicity. Additionally, folic acid supplementation is often recommended to reduce some of the drug’s adverse effects.
Patients should avoid alcohol due to increased risk of liver toxicity. They should also discuss any over-the-counter medications or supplements with their healthcare provider before use. Sun protection is advised as methotrexate can increase sensitivity to sunlight.